Technical Drawing of T Mobile System of Equipment Plan View

Creation of standards and the technical drawings

Technical drawing of a die tool produced by CAD (in Russian).

Copying technical drawings in 1973

Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed.

Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering. To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols, perspectives, units of measurement, note systems, visual styles, and page layout. Together, such conventions constitute a visual language and assistance to ensure that the drawing is unambiguous and relatively piece of cake to understand. Many of the symbols and principles of technical drawing are codified in an international standard called ISO 128.

The demand for precise communication in the grooming of a functional document distinguishes technical cartoon from the expressive drawing of the visual arts. Creative drawings are subjectively interpreted; their meanings are multiply determined. Technical drawings are understood to have one intended significant.^[1]

A drafter, draftsperson, or draughtsman is a person who makes a cartoon (technical or expressive). A professional person drafter who makes technical drawings is sometimes called a drafting technician.

Methods [edit]

Sketching [edit]

Sketch for a government building

A sketch is a apace executed, freehand drawing that is usually not intended equally a finished piece of work. In general, sketching is a quick way to record an idea for later use. Architect'due south sketches primarily serve as a style to try out different ideas and establish a composition before a more finished work, particularly when the finished work is expensive and time-consuming.

Architectural sketches, for example, are a kind of diagrams.^[2] These sketches, like metaphors, are used by architects as a means of advice in aiding design collaboration. This tool helps architects to abstruse attributes of hypothetical provisional design solutions and summarize their circuitous patterns, hereby enhancing the design procedure.^[2]

Manual or past instrument [edit]

Old-fashioned technical drawing instruments

Stencils for lettering technical drawings to DIN standards

The basic drafting procedure is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a polish surface with right-bending corners and directly sides—typically a drawing board. A sliding straightedge known as a T-square is and so placed on i of the sides, assuasive information technology to be slid across the side of the table, and over the surface of the paper.

"Parallel lines" can be drawn only by moving the T-square and running a pencil or technical pen forth the T-square'southward edge. The T-square is used to hold other devices such as ready squares or triangles. In this case, the drafter places i or more triangles of known angles on the T-square—which is itself at correct angles to the edge of the table—and can then describe lines at any called angle to others on the page. Mod drafting tables come equipped with a drafting auto that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large slice of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, lines drawn forth the edge are guaranteed to exist parallel.^[iii]

In add-on, the drafter uses several technical drawing tools to depict curves and circles. Primary among these are the compasses, used for drawing simple arcs and circles, and the French curve, for drawing curves. A spline is a prophylactic coated articulated metal that tin be manually bent to most curves.

Drafting templates assist the drafter with creating recurring objects in a drawing without having to reproduce the object from scratch every time. This is particularly useful when using common symbols; i.east. in the context of stagecraft, a lighting designer volition draw from the USITT standard library of lighting fixture symbols to signal the position of a common fixture beyond multiple positions. Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized to a specific task, but it is too not uncommon for a drafter to create his own templates.

This basic drafting system requires an accurate table and constant attending to the positioning of the tools. A common error is to allow the triangles to button the top of the T-square downwards slightly, thereby throwing off all angles. Even tasks as unproblematic every bit drawing two angled lines meeting at a point require a number of moves of the T-square and triangles, and in general, drafting can exist a time-consuming procedure.

A solution to these issues was the introduction of the mechanical "drafting machine", an application of the pantograph (sometimes referred to incorrectly as a "pentagraph" in these situations) which immune the drafter to have an accurate correct bending at whatsoever indicate on the page quite quickly. These machines frequently included the power to modify the angle, thereby removing the need for the triangles as well.

In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a slice of paper—with respect to the detailing of concrete objects—the drafting endeavour requires a thorough understanding of geometry, trigonometry and spatial comprehension, and in all cases demands precision and accuracy, and attending to item of high order.

Although drafting is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect, or shop personnel (such as a machinist), skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task, and are e'er in demand to some degree.

Computer aided blueprint [edit]

Today, the mechanics of the drafting task take largely been automated and accelerated through the apply of computer-aided design systems (CAD).

There are two types of reckoner-aided design systems used for the production of technical drawings: two dimensions ("2D") and iii dimensions ("3D").

An example of a cartoon drafted in AutoCAD

2D CAD systems such as AutoCAD or MicroStation replace the paper drawing field of study. The lines, circles, arcs, and curves are created within the software. Information technology is down to the technical drawing skill of the user to produce the drawing. In that location is yet much telescopic for error in the cartoon when producing get-go and 3rd angle orthographic projections, auxiliary projections and cross-department views. A 2D CAD system is merely an electronic cartoon lath. Its greatest strength over straight to paper technical drawing is in the making of revisions. Whereas in a conventional hand drawn technical drawing, if a mistake is plant, or a modification is required, a new drawing must be made from scratch, the 2D CAD system allows a copy of the original to be modified, saving considerable time. 2D CAD systems tin be used to create plans for large projects such equally buildings and aircraft simply provide no way to check the various components will fit together.

A 3D CAD system (such as KeyCreator, Autodesk Inventor, or SolidWorks) first produces the geometry of the part; the technical drawing comes from user defined views of that geometry. Any orthographic, projected or sectioned view is created past the software. There is no scope for mistake in the production of these views. The master scope for fault comes in setting the parameter of first or third angle projection and displaying the relevant symbol on the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows individual parts to exist assembled together to represent the concluding product. Buildings, aircraft, ships, and cars are modeled, assembled, and checked in 3D before technical drawings are released for manufacture.

Both 2nd and 3D CAD systems can be used to produce technical drawings for whatsoever field of study. The various disciplines (electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) take manufacture recognized symbols to represent common components.

BS and ISO produce standards to show recommended practices only it is upward to individuals to produce the drawings to a standard. There is no definitive standard for layout or style. The only standard across applied science workshop drawings is in the creation of orthographic projections and cross-section views.

In representing complex, three-dimensional objects in 2-dimensional drawings, the objects can exist described by at to the lowest degree one view plus material thickness note, 2, three or as many views and sections that are required to show all features of object.

Applications [edit]

Architecture [edit]

To plan a renovation, this architect takes measurements which he volition later enter into his calculator-aided design organization.

The art and design that goes into making buildings is known equally compages. To communicate all aspects of the shape or design, detail drawings are used. In this field, the term plan is often used when referring to the full section view of these drawings as viewed from 3 feet above finished floor to show the locations of doorways, windows, stairwells, etc.^[4] Architectural drawings describe and document an architect'southward design.^[5]

Applied science [edit]

Engineering tin be a very broad term. Information technology stems from the Latin ingenerare, significant "to create".^[6] Because this could apply to everything that humans create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of technical drawing. Engineering science drawings mostly deal with mechanical engineered items, such as manufactured parts and equipment.

Engineering drawings are usually created in accord with standardized conventions for layout, classification, interpretation, appearance (such every bit typefaces and line styles), size, etc.

Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The terminate goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required data that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.

Software engineering [edit]

Software engineering practictioners make use of diagrams for designing software. Formal standards and modeling languages such as Unified Modeling Language (UML) exist but most diagramming happens using informal ad hoc diagrams that illustrate a conceptual model.^[vii]

Practitioners reported that diagramming helped with analysing requirements,^{[vii] : 539} pattern, refactoring, documentation, onboarding, communication with stake holders.^{[viii] : 560} Diagrams are often transient or redrawn as required. Redrawn diagrams can acts as a form of shared agreement in a team.^{[8] : 561}

[edit]

Technical illustration [edit]

Technical illustration is the apply of illustration to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be component technical drawings or diagrams. The aim of technical analogy is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey sure information via the visual channel to the human observer".^[9]

The main purpose of technical analogy is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to heighten the viewer's interest and understanding".^[ten]

According to Viola (2005), "illustrative techniques are often designed in a style that fifty-fifty a person with no technical agreement clearly understands the piece of fine art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helped to make a uncomplicated line drawing more understandable to the lay person. Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to the subject field matter".^[9]

Cutaway drawing [edit]

A cutaway drawing is a technical illustration, in which part of the surface of a three-dimensional model is removed in club to show some of the model's interior in relation to its exterior.

The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "permit the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces a visual advent as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good agreement of spatial ordering".^[11]

Technical drawings [edit]

Types [edit]

The 2 types of technical drawings are based on graphical projection.^[ane] This is used to create an epitome of a 3-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface.

Ii-dimensional representation [edit]

Two-dimensional representation uses orthographic projection to create an image where only ii of the iii dimensions of the object are seen.

Three-dimensional representation [edit]

In a three-dimensional representation, also referred to every bit a pictorial, all three dimensions of an object are visible.

Views [edit]

Multiview [edit]

Multiview is a blazon of orthographic projection. There are two conventions for using multiview, showtime-angle and third-bending. In both cases, the front end or main side of the object is the aforementioned. Beginning-bending is drawing the object sides based on where they state. Example, looking at the front end side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the correct. What is seen will be fatigued to the right of the front side. Tertiary-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Instance, looking at the front end side, rotate the object xc degrees to the correct. What is seen is actually the left side of the object and will exist drawn to the left of the front side.

Section [edit]

While multiview relates to external surfaces of an object, section views show an imaginary plane cut through an object. This is often useful to show voids in an object.

Auxiliary [edit]

Auxiliary views utilize an additional projection aeroplane other than the mutual planes in a multiview. Since the features of an object need to show the true shape and size of the object, the project plane must be parallel to the object surface. Therefore, any surface that is not in line with the three major axis needs its own projection airplane to evidence the features correctly.

Pattern [edit]

Patterns, sometimes called developments, evidence the size and shape of a flat piece of material needed for later on angle or folding into a three-dimensional shape.^[12]

Exploded [edit]

An exploded-view drawing is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of assembly of the various parts.^[13] It shows the components of an object slightly separated past altitude or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a iii-dimensional exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small-scale controlled explosion emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated relative distances away from their original locations.

An exploded view drawing (EVD) can show the intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems, the component closest to the center is usually assembled commencement or is the main role inside which the other parts are assembled. The EVD tin too help to represent the disassembly of parts, where those on the outside are normally removed first.^[14]

Standards and conventions [edit]

Basic drafting paper sizes [edit]

There accept been many standard sizes of paper at unlike times and in different countries, but today most of the earth uses the international standard (A4 and its siblings). North America uses its ain sizes.

• 

  ISO "A serial" paper sizes used in virtually countries of the world

• 

  ANSI newspaper sizes used in North America

Patent drawing [edit]

The applicant for a patent will exist required past law to furnish a drawing of the invention if or when the nature of the instance requires a drawing to understand the invention with the job. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except compositions of matter or processes, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes.^[13]

The drawing must bear witness every feature of the invention specified in the claims and is required by the patent office rules to be in a detail form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying the standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a compatible fashion when the patent bug and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions.^[13]

Sets of technical drawings [edit]

Working drawings for production [edit]

Working drawings are the set of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product.^[15] In architecture, these include civil drawings, architectural drawings, structural drawings, mechanical systems drawings, electrical drawings, and plumbing drawings.

Assembly drawings [edit]

Assembly drawings show how different parts go together, identify those parts by number, and have a parts list, often referred to as a bill of materials.^[16] In a technical service manual, this type of drawing may be referred to equally an exploded view cartoon or diagram. These parts may be used in engineering.

As-fitted drawings [edit]

Too chosen As-Built drawings or As-fabricated drawings. As-fitted drawings represent a tape of the completed works, literally 'as fitted'. These are based upon the working drawings and updated to reflect any changes or alterations undertaken during construction or manufacture.^[17]

Meet also [edit]

• Circuit diagram
• Linear scale
• Reprography
• Schematic diagram
• Store drawing
• Technical communication
• Technical lettering
• Specification (technical standard)

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Goetsch, David L.; Chalk, William Due south.; Nelson, John A. (2000). Technical Drawing. Delmar Technical Graphics Serial (Fourth ed.). Albany: Delmar Learning. p. three. ISBN978-0-7668-0531-6. OCLC 39756434.
2. ^ ^{a b} Richard Boland and Fred Collopy (2004). Managing equally designing. Stanford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8047-4674-v, p.69.
3. ^ Bhatt, N.D. Machine Drawing. Charotar Publication.
4. ^ Jefferis, Alan; Madsen, David (2005), Architectural Drafting and Blueprint (5th ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, ISBN 1-4018-6715-4
5. ^ Goetsch et al. (2000) p. 792
6. ^ Lieu, Dennis Chiliad; Sorby, Sheryl (2009), Visualization, Modeling, and Graphics for Engineering Pattern (1st ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-4018-4249-9, pp. ane–ii
7. ^ ^{a b} Baltes, Sebastian; Diehl, Stephan (11 November 2014). "Sketches and diagrams in practice". Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering. FSE 2014. Hong Kong, China: Association for Computing Machinery: 530–541. arXiv:1706.09172. doi:10.1145/2635868.2635891. ISBN978-1-4503-3056-5.
8. ^ ^{a b} Cherubini, Mauro; Venolia, Gina; DeLine, Rob; Ko, Amy J. (29 Apr 2007), "Let'southward go to the whiteboard: how and why software developers utilize drawings", Proceedings of the SIGCHI Briefing on Human Factors in Calculating Systems, New York, NY, USA: Association for Calculating Machinery, pp. 557–566, doi:10.1145/1240624.1240714, ISBN978-1-59593-593-9 , retrieved 8 September 2021
9. ^ ^{a b} Ivan Viola and Meister East. Gröller (2005). "Smart Visibility in Visualization". In: Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging. 50. Neumann et al. (Ed.)
10. ^ "The Office of the Technical Illustrator in Manufacture". industriegrafik.com. 15 June 2002. Archived from the original on 14 Baronial 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
11. ^ Diepstraten, J.; Weiskopf, D.; Ertl, T. (2003). "Interactive Cutaway Illustrations" (PDF). vis.uni-stuttgart.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2005. in Brunet, P.; Fellner, D. (eds.). "Eurographics 2003". Eurographics. The Eurographics Association and Blackwell Publishers. 22 (3).
12. ^ Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 341
13. ^ ^{a b c} "General Information Concerning Patents § 1.84 Standards for drawings". USPTO.gov. January 2005. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
14. ^ Michael E. Brumbach, Jeffrey A. Clade (2003). Industrial Maintenance. Cengage Learning, 2003 ISBN 0-7668-2695-3, p.65
15. ^ Ralph West. Liebing (1999). Architectural working drawings. John Wiley and Sons, 1999. ISBN 0-471-34876-7.
16. ^ Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 613
17. ^ "as-congenital drawings". BusinessDictionary.com. 26 Dec 2017. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.

Farther reading [edit]

• Peter J. Booker (1963). A History of Engineering Drawing. London: Northgate.
• Franz Maria Feldhaus (1963). The History of Technical Drawing
• Wolfgang Lefèvre ed. (2004). Picturing Machines 1400–1700: How technical drawings shaped early engineering practice. MIT Press, 2004. ISBN 0-262-12269-3

External links [edit]

• Historical technical diagrams and drawings at NASA.
• A history of CAD
• Drafting Standards

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing

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